Physics Practical Class 12 PDF Download with Readings
Physics is one of the most fascinating and challenging subjects that students have to study in class 12. It involves understanding the concepts and principles of nature and applying them to solve various problems. Physics also requires students to perform experiments and activities that demonstrate the phenomena and laws of physics in a practical way.
Physics practical is an essential part of the curriculum for class 12 students. It helps them to develop their skills in observation, measurement, analysis and interpretation. It also enables them to verify the theoretical knowledge they have learned in the classroom. Physics practical also carries a significant weightage in the board exam. Therefore, students should prepare well for it and practice all the experiments and activities given in the syllabus.
physics practical class 12 pdf download with readings
One of the best ways to prepare for physics practical class 12 is to download the PDF file of physics practical class 12 with readings. This file contains all the details and instructions for performing the experiments and activities prescribed by CBSE. It also provides the readings and calculations for each experiment and activity. By downloading this file, students can save their time and effort in searching for different sources. They can also access it anytime and anywhere without any hassle.
In this article, we will provide you with the link to download the physics practical class 12 PDF file with readings. We will also give you an overview of the experiments and activities that are included in the file. We will also share some tips and tricks to score well in physics practical class 12. So, let's get started!
Section A: Experiments on Electricity and Magnetism
This section covers the experiments and activities related to electricity and magnetism. These topics are very important for understanding the concepts of current, resistance, potential difference, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, electromagnetism, induction, AC and DC circuits, etc. The experiments and activities in this section are as follows:
Experiment 1: To determine resistivity of two/three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.
This experiment aims to measure the resistivity of two or three different wires by using a voltmeter, an ammeter, a battery, a rheostat, a key and a set of wires. The theory behind this experiment is that the resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. The resistivity of a wire is a constant that depends on the material of the wire. The formula for resistivity is given by:
R = ρL/A
where R is the resistance, ρ is the resistivity, L is the length and A is the cross-sectional area of the wire.
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The procedure of this experiment involves connecting the circuit as shown in the figure below and adjusting the rheostat to obtain different values of current and potential difference across the wire. The readings are recorded in a table and a graph is plotted between potential difference and current. The slope of the graph gives the resistance of the wire. The resistivity of the wire can be calculated by using the formula given above.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Experiment 2: To find resistance of a given wire/standard resistor using metre bridge.
This experiment aims to find the resistance of a given wire or a standard resistor by using a metre bridge, a galvanometer, a battery, a key and a set of wires. The theory behind this experiment is based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge, which states that in a balanced bridge circuit, the ratio of the resistances in one arm is equal to the ratio of the resistances in the other arm. The formula for this principle is given by:
P/Q = R/S
where P, Q, R and S are the resistances in the four arms of the bridge circuit.
The procedure of this experiment involves connecting the circuit as shown in the figure below and sliding the jockey along the metre wire until there is no deflection in the galvanometer. The length of the metre wire from one end to the jockey point gives the value of Q. The value of P can be calculated by subtracting Q from 100 cm. The value of R is known as it is either given or measured beforehand. The value of S can be calculated by using the formula given above.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Experiment 3: To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
This experiment aims to verify the laws of combination of resistances in series and parallel by using a metre bridge, a galvanometer, a battery, a key and a set of wires. The theory behind this experiment is based on the following formulas for the equivalent resistance of resistors in series and parallel:
Req = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn for series combination
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn for parallel combination
The procedure of this experiment involves connecting the circuit as shown in the figure below and finding the balance point for different combinations of resistors in series and parallel. The values of the resistors are either given or measured beforehand. The equivalent resistance of the combination can be calculated by using the formula for Wheatstone bridge given in the previous experiment. The values obtained can be compared with the theoretical values calculated by using the formulas for series and parallel combination.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Experiment 4: To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
This experiment aims to determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit by using a galvanometer, a battery, a rheostat, a key, a resistance box and a set of wires. The theory behind this experiment is that the current through a galvanometer is proportional to the deflection produced by it. The constant of proportionality is called the figure of merit of the galvanometer. The formula for figure of merit is given by:
K = I/θ
where K is the figure of merit, I is the current and θ is the deflection.
The procedure of this experiment involves connecting the circuit as shown in the figure below and adjusting the rheostat to obtain maximum deflection in the galvanometer. The value of current is noted from the resistance box. Then, the rheostat is adjusted again to reduce the deflection to half of its maximum value. The value of current is noted again from the resistance box. The resistance of the galvanometer can be calculated by using Ohm's law as follows:
RG = (I1 - I2)R/I2
where RG is the resistance of the galvanometer, I1 is the current for maximum deflection, I2 is the current for half deflection and R is the resistance from the resistance box. The figure of merit of the galvanometer can be calculated by using the formula given above.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Experiment 5: To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter/ammeter of desired range and to verify the same.
This experiment aims to convert the given galvanometer into a voltmeter or an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same by using a galvanometer, a battery, a rheostat, a key, a resistance box, a voltmeter, an ammeter and a set of wires. The theory behind this experiment is that a galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series with it and into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance in parallel with it. The formulas for the conversion are given by:
RV = Vmax/IG - RG for voltmeter conversion
RA = IGRG/Imax - RG for ammeter conversion
where RV is the resistance to be connected in series, RA is the resistance to be connected in parallel, Vmax is the maximum voltage to be measured, IG is the current for full scale deflection of the galvanometer, Imax is the maximum current to be measured and RG is the resistance of the galvanometer.
The procedure of this experiment involves connecting the circuit as shown in the figure below and calculating the value of RV or RA by using the formulas given above. The value of RV or RA is obtained from the resistance box and connected in series or parallel with the galvanometer. The converted galvanometer is then used to measure the voltage or current in different parts of the circuit. The readings are compared with those obtained from a standard voltmeter or ammeter.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Experiment 6: To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.
This experiment aims to find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer by using a sonometer, a tuning fork, an electromagnet, an AC source, a rheostat, a key and a set of wires. The theory behind this experiment is based on the phenomenon of resonance, which occurs when the frequency of an external force matches the natural frequency of a system. The formula for the natural frequency of a stretched string is given by:
f = n/2L (T/m)
where f is the natural frequency, n is the mode of vibration, L is the length of the string, T is the tension in the string and m is the mass per unit length of the string.
The procedure of this experiment involves connecting the circuit as shown in the figure below and adjusting the rheostat to obtain maximum current in the electromagnet. The electromagnet is placed under one end of the sonometer wire and connected to the AC source. The other end of the wire is attached to a tuning fork of known frequency. The length of the wire between the two bridges is adjusted until a loud sound is heard from the tuning fork. This indicates that resonance has occurred and the frequency of the AC source is equal to the frequency of the tuning fork. The frequency of the AC source can be calculated by using the formula given above.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Section B: Experiments on Optics and Modern Physics
This section covers the experiments and activities related to optics and modern physics. These topics are very important for understanding the concepts of light, reflection, refraction, lenses, mirrors, prisms, interference, diffraction, polarization, photoelectric effect, semiconductors, diodes, transistors, etc. The experiments and activities in this section are as follows:
Experiment 7: To find the refractive index of a liquid using convex lens by parallax method.
This experiment aims to find the refractive index of a liquid using a convex lens by parallax method by using a convex lens, a plane mirror, a beaker, a liquid, an optical pin, a stand and a scale. The theory behind this experiment is based on the principle of parallax, which is the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles. The formula for the refractive index of a liquid is given by:
n = f0/f
where n is the refractive index of the liquid, f0 is the focal length of the lens in air and f is the focal length of the lens in liquid.
The procedure of this experiment involves placing the convex lens over the plane mirror and filling the beaker with the liquid. The beaker is placed over the lens and mirror such that the lower surface of the lens is immersed in the liquid. The optical pin is fixed on the stand and placed at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens in air. The pin is viewed through the lens from different positions and adjusted until there is no parallax between the image of the pin and its reflection in the mirror. The distance between the pin and the lens is measured as f. The refractive index of the liquid can be calculated by using the formula given above.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Experiment 8: To draw the I-V characteristics curve of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
This experiment aims to draw the I-V characteristics curve of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias by using a p-n junction diode, a battery, a rheostat, a key, a voltmeter, an ammeter and a set of wires. The theory behind this experiment is based on the concept of p-n junction, which is a device formed by joining a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor. The p-n junction has two terminals: the anode (p-side) and the cathode (n-side). The p-n junction has two modes of operation: forward bias and reverse bias. In forward bias, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the anode and the negative terminal is connected to the cathode. In this mode, the p-n junction allows the current to flow through it. In reverse bias, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the cathode and the negative terminal is connected to the anode. In this mode, the p-n junction blocks the current flow through it. The I-V characteristics curve of a p-n junction is a graph that shows the relationship between the current (I) and the voltage (V) across the p-n junction in both modes of operation.
The procedure of this experiment involves connecting the circuit as shown in the figure below and adjusting the rheostat to obtain different values of voltage and current across the p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias. The readings are recorded in a table and a graph is plotted between voltage and current for both modes of operation. The graph shows the I-V characteristics curve of the p-n junction.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Experiment 9: To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
This experiment aims to determine the angle of minimum deviation for a prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation by using a prism, a ray box, a protractor, a white paper and a pencil. The theory behind this experiment is based on the concept of refraction, which is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another. The formula for refraction is given by:
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the two media, θ1 and θ2 are the angles of incidence and refraction respectively.
The procedure of this experiment involves placing the prism on a white paper and tracing its outline. The ray box is used to produce a narrow beam of light that falls on one face of the prism. The angle of incidence and the angle of deviation are measured by using the protractor. The experiment is repeated for different values of angle of incidence and the readings are recorded in a table. A graph is plotted between angle of incidence and angle of deviation. The graph shows that the angle of deviation decreases as the angle of incidence increases until it reaches a minimum value. This value is called the angle of minimum deviation. The refractive index of the prism can be calculated by using the formula given below:
n = sin[(A + Dm)/2]/sin(A/2)
where n is the refractive index of the prism, A is the angle of the prism and Dm is the angle of minimum deviation.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Experiment 10: To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graph between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.
This experiment aims to find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graph between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v by using a convex lens, an optical pin, a stand, a screen, a metre scale and a white paper. The theory behind this experiment is based on the concept of lens formula, which relates the object distance (u), the image distance (v) and the focal length (f) of a lens. The formula is given by:
1/f = 1/u + 1/v
The procedure of this experiment involves placing the convex lens on a white paper and tracing its outline. The optical pin is fixed on the stand and placed at a suitable distance from the lens. The screen is placed on the other side of the lens and moved until a sharp image of the pin is obtained. The distances u and v are measured by using the metre scale. The experiment is repeated for different values of u and v and the readings are recorded in a table. A graph is plotted between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v. The graph shows that the relation between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v is linear. The focal length of the lens can be calculated by using the slope or the intercept of the graph.
The observations, calculations, result, sources of error and precautions for this experiment are given in the PDF file that you can download from here: .
Conclusion
In this article, we have provided you with the link to download the physics practical class 12 PDF file with readings. We have also given you an overview of the experiments and activities that are included in the file. We hope that this article has helped you to prepare well for physics practical class 12 and to score well in the board exam. Physics practical is a fun and interesting way to learn and apply the concepts of physics. It also enhances your skills and confidence in performing experiments and activities. Therefore, we recommend you to practice all the experiments and activities given in the syllabus and to follow the instructions and precautions carefully.
If you have any doubts or queries regarding physics practical class 12, you can ask us in the comment section below. We will try to answer them as soon as possible. You can also share your feedback and suggestions with us. We would love to hear from you and improve our content accordingly. Thank you for reading this article and happy learning!
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions about physics practical class 12:
What is the weightage of physics practical in class 12 board exam?
The weightage of physics practical in class 12 board exam is 30 marks out of 100 marks. The practical exam consists of two parts: viva voce and record. The viva voce carries 10 marks and the record carries 5 marks. The remaining 15 marks are divided among three experiments: one from section A, one from section B and one from section C.
How to prepare for physics practical class 12?
To prepare for physics practical class 12, you should follow these steps:
Download the physics practical class 12 PDF file with readings from here: .
Read the theory and procedure of each experiment and activity carefully.
Practice all the experiments and activities given in the syllabus at least once before the exam.
Make a neat and accurate record of your observations, calculations, results, sources of error and precautions for each experiment and activity.
Revise the concepts and principles of physics related to each experiment and activity.
Prepare yourself for the viva voce by reviewing the questions and answers given in the PDF file.
Be confident and calm during the exam and perform the experiments and activities with accuracy and precision.
Where can I download the physics practical class 12 PDF file with readings?
You can download the physics practical class 12 PDF file with readings from here: . This file contains all the details and instructions for performing the experiments and activities prescribed by CBSE. It also provides the readings and calculations for each experiment and activity.
How to perform physics practical experiments safely and accurately?
To perform physics practical experiments safely and accurately, you should follow these tips:
Wear proper safety equipment such as gloves, goggles, apron, etc. while handling chemicals, electricity, heat, etc.
Follow the instructions and precautions given in the PDF file or by your teacher carefully.
Use the correct apparatus, instruments, units, scales, etc. for each experiment and activity.
Take multiple readings and repeat the experiment if necessary to reduce errors and uncertainties.
Show your calculations clearly and use appropriate formulas, symbols, units, etc.
Avoid any distractions or disturbances while performing the experiments and activities.
What are some tips to score well in physics practical class 12?
To score well in physics practical class 12, you should follow these tips:
Prepare well for both viva voce and record by downloading the physics practical class 12 PDF file with readings from here: .
Practice all the experiments and activities given in the syllabus at least once before the exam.
Show your work neatly and accurately in your record.
Answer the viva voce questions confidently and correctly.
Demonstrate your skills and knowledge in performing the experiments and activities.
Be polite and respectful to your examiner and teacher.
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